DB Schenker

DB Schenker comprises the DB Schenker Rail and DB Schenker Logistics Business Units

With 64,200 employees and revenues of 15.39 billion euros, DB Schenker Logistics, with its three internal business units, is the global leader in the industry. Its units include European land transport, global air and ocean freight, sophisticated logistics solutions and global supply chain management from a single source. The logistics specialists also hold top positions in automotive, high-tech, consumer goods, trade fair forwarding, special transports and services for major sporting events.

DB Schenker Rail, the rail freight company of Deutsche Bahn, is the leading provider in European rail freight transport with approximately 4.92 billion euros in revenues and 31,800 employees.

DB Schenker Rail has its own companies, subsidiaries, affiliates and joint ventures operating in 15 countries in Europe. Thanks to its international organization, DB Schenker Rail offers efficient transport solutions in the block train, single car system and intermodal segments. The Steel & Coal; Chemicals & Mineral Oil; Building Materials, Industrial and Consumer Goods; Intermodal; and Automotive Industry Segments are its core areas.

DB Schenker Rail operates some 5,000 freight trains a day. Transport performance totaled 106 billion metric ton-kilometers and DB Schenker Rail shipped 398.7 million metric tons of freight in 2012. DB Schenker Rail has the largest fleet in Europe, which comprises around 101,300 freight cars and 2,913 locomotives – a high percentage of which are multi-system locomotives used internationally. Almost 60 percent of freight trains already cross at least one border.

Facts and figures about the Transportation and Logistics Division of Deutsche Bahn:  

• Over 100,000 truck journeys: DB’s freight trains take the equivalent of over 100,000 truck journeys off the roads every day, thus avoiding 4.4 million metric tons of CO2 emissions annually. 
• 11,000 kilometers: The longest rail route traveled by DB. Automotive parts are shipped along this corridor connecting Leipzig, Germany, and Shenyang in Northeast China on behalf of BMW.
• 4,000 metric tons: The weight of the heaviest freight trains. These trains transport iron ore from ports on the North Sea to steel mills in Germany.
• Six million automobiles: DB Schenker’s contract logistics specialists collaborate on the production of six million automobiles each year. Over 3,300 automobiles are shipped daily on ocean-going vessels.
• 6 million square meters: the area of state-of-the art logistics facilities operated by DB Schenker worldwide.
• 64.4 million metric tons: the approximate amount of steel transported by DB Schenker Rail Deutschland in 2011. 
• 250 trains with finished vehicles and supplier parts travel through Europe daily. The automotive experts at DB Schenker see to it that three million vehicles are delivered by rail each year.
• 32,000 regular scheduled services per week are offered by DB Schenker Land Transport. The network of scheduled transports links Europe’s most important economic regions.
• With 1,200 of its own charter flights each year, DB Schenker Air Freight offers its customers sufficient capacity for the fast global exchange of goods.

Competitive Adventages of Apple's

Competitive Adventages of Apple’s

The iPhone is obviously popular on its own merits, a touch-screen, app-based product that clearly has advantages over the clunkier, more dated Blackberry made by Research in Motion. But so many experts suggesting that Apple's competitive advantage may wane in the near future in the face of new smartphones from Blackberry and others like Google's Android miss the point.

Apple recently reached third place in personal computer sales in the U.S., selling more Macs the past few quarters than analysts expected. Also, Apple is the leader in the tablet space with its popular iPad. In its most recent quarter, for example, Apple sold 9.52 million iPads, and the product has only been available for roughly a year.

Value Chain of Apples’s
Primary Action

1.       Inbound Logistic

·         Most components are generally available from multiple sources; a number of components are currently obtained from single or limited sources. Hardware products are manufactured by outsourcing partner primary in Asia e.g. Foxconn.

·         Delegate raw materials acquisition – Apple works with its OEM partners todelegate the raw materials acquisition process but provides some supervision forquality control purpose.

·         Automated receiving systems– Apple has implemented sophisticated automated receiving systems to speed up the receiving process and reduce facility foot printand storage space requirement.

2.       Operation

·         Elimination of toxic substances in Apple products. Every product is free of BFR sand other harmful toxins, Apple have also qualified thousands of components to be free of elemental bromine and chlorine.

·         Products are designed highly recyclable aluminum enclosure.

·         Utilize original equipment manufacturers (OEM)’s economies of scale – Apple outsources production to third party OEM partners to utilize their economies of scale while removing the burden of production management from the firm.

3.  3. Outbound Logistic

·         Apple used variety of direct and indirect distribution channel, such as retail stores,online stores and direct sales force, 3rd party cellular network carriers, wholesalers,retailers and value added resellers.

·         Apple continue to expand and improve its distribution capacities by expanding the number of its own retail stores worldwide in order to ensure a high quality buying experience for its product.

·         Economical packing - Apple employed teams of design and engineering experts who develop product packaging that’s slim and light yet protective. Efficient packaging design not only reduces materials and waste, it also helps reduce the emissions produced during transportation

4.       4. Sales and Marketing

Apple took the normal retail store and converted it into a hotspot for consumers to hang out, while buying products simultaneously.   The unique wave of commercials Apple produced helped turn Apple products into the new “it” items.   Apple was able to able to use unconventional methods, such as their strange commercials, to help gain market share.

·         Premium pricing

·         Brand loyalty

·         Retail outlets

·         Law market share in the corporate market place

5.     5.   After Sales Services

At a very general level, loyalty is something that consumers may exhibit to brands, services, stores, product categories, and activities. There are two advantages of customer loyalty programs. One is to increase sales revenues by raising purchase levels, and increasing the range of products bought from the supplier. The other is more defensive by building a closer bond between the brand and current customers it is hoped to maintain the current customer base. While loyalty programs can have many other peripheral goals such as furthering cross-selling, creating databases, aiding trade relations, assisting brand PR（public relations）, establishing alliances, etc.

Supporting Action

1.     1.  Human Source Management

Innovative Internal Organizational Structure. The Huffington Post pointed out that Apple's internal organization vastly differs from most consumer electronics companies. Competitors tend to organize their companies into distinct business unit silos, each with their own research and development (R&D) efforts as well as profit and loss (P&L) statements - essentially setting the pace for internal competition. Apple, on the other hand, encourages a positive workflow by employing a unified R&D effort that cuts across most of their products, and only looks at a single P&L statement. When one department succeeds, it is reflected throughout the entire organization rather than just a single unit. This organizational structure strongly supports the veritable fortress Apple has built around its highly integrated product offerings.

2.      2.  Technology Development

Apple Inc. is one of the top computer and gadget creators on the market today. They have an important market share and have raised billions of dollars with the help of their great products that have taken the world by storm ever since they first appeared.

Under an exceptionally talented and innovative management Apple has managed to create computers, smartphones, media players and tablets for the entire world to enjoy and swoon over with every new release. The most important technology developed by the company has been the Macintosh computer, the iPod music players, the iPhone and, most recently, the iPad tablets.

Over the years Apple has not only perfected hardware in functionality and design but has also managed to create a wonderful variety of software options for users from the most tech savvy to the least inclined to use buttons. The applications behind great Apple devices, all of which can be found in the App Store offer endless possibilities of enhancement for the simple Apple gadget.

3.       3. Procurement

Apple requires each of its suppliers to meet the highest standards for all goods and services. Our requirements include a commitment to rigorous quality assurance. In addition, suppliers must be committed, as we are, to ensuring the highest standards of social responsibility.

The ideal suppliers are those who understand our culture and expectations. We value suppliers who take the time to learn about and understand our business and who look for ways to add value. These suppliers know the importance of making and meeting commitments and delivering the highest quality goods and services.

Our business environment is competitive and fast-paced. Our suppliers must understand this dynamic and be agile and flexible in responding to changing business conditions. Above all, Apple values innovation. We appreciate suppliers who truly understand and share in our challenges, and who help us find the best possible solutions.

My Competitive Adventages

My competitive adventages is that I mastered almost every sport there is. from childhood I've had to get used sport by my parents, especially swimming. before I TK I've been able to swim at a depth of 1.5 meters. when my elementary school, I always win when the race run. I hope the physical strength that I have, I can be a woman's air force. I wanted to follow the footsteps of my father who was a soldier air force. I gain knowledge about college majors air with air transport management. I always maximum when doing or working on something.

Forecasting Demand

Demand forecasting

Demand forecasting is the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumers will purchase. Demand forecasting involves techniques including both informal methods, such as educated guesses, and quantitative methods, such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets. Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions, in assessing future capacity requirements, or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market.

Determination of the demand forecast is done thought the following steps:

·         Determine the use of the forecast

·         Select the items to be forecast

·         Determine the time horizon of the forecast

·         Select the forecast model(s)

·         Gather the data

·         Make the forecast

·         Validate and implement results

Methods that rely on qualitative assessment

• Prediction market
• Delphi technique
• Game theory
• Judgmental bootstrapping
• Simulated interaction
• Intentions and expectations surveys
• Conjoint analysis
• jury of executive method

Methods that rely on quantitative data

• Discrete Event Simulation
• Extrapolation
• Reference class forecasting
• Quantitative analogies
• Rule-based forecasting
• Neural networks
• Data mining
• Causal models
• Segmentation

Transportation planning has the objective to develop transport infrastructure in order to support the movement of people, goods or vehicles. Planning is the embodiment of air transport aviation facilities required to meet the current and future needs in particular. Planning is needed to achieve a balance between the number of passengers and volume of flights in the future with the availability of air transport infrastructure or the capacity of an airport.

According to Nasution (2004) in his book entitled 'Transport Management' there are some forecasting techniques that can be used to calculate the demand for air transport. The selection of the appropriate forecasting technique depends on the availability of data needed, purpose of forecasting, is associated with a level of accuracy, the sophistication of the techniques used, the time frame and the availability of data.

According Horonjeff and Mc. Kelvey (1994) in his book Planning and Design of Airport there are 2 types of predictions in the world of aviation, ie:

a. Makroprakiraan; were forecast / prediction of total flight activity in a large area like a state.

b. Mikroprakiraan; were forecasts / predictions related to activities at the airport in a particular area or on each route.

In general, the predictions made for the short term and long term. Short-term prediction performed to predict with less than 5 years old and has an accuracy greater than the long-term predictions. The purpose of a prediction is not to predict the conditions that occur in the future precisely, but to look for the information to be used in transportation planning, Horonjeff and Mc.Kelvey (1994). In the span of a predictable, then it is very possible socio-economic factors that will affect the outcome of the prediction.

In this study, socioeconomic factors will not be analyzed and incorporated into the calculations. This is related to the limited data available is only a time series of data. The methods that can be used in forecasting estimates using data time series or time series are as follows.

a. Methods of Market Share
Forecasting techniques were used to compare the activity of large-scale flight with a flight activities at the local level is called Method Market Share. This method has been widely used as a technique to forecast aviation demand at the local level. The main benefit is the determination of the activities of national traffic to be accommodated by the airport in an area, and Mc.Kelvey Horonjeff (1994).

The first step in making predictions with this method is to determine the Market Share percentage ratio (ratio) of the number of passengers on a particular route to the total number of passengers at the airport are under review. Furthermore, to predict the number of passengers a particular route, the percentage ratio is used by multiplying the results predicted total number of passengers at airports that were reviewed by other statistical methods.

b. Double Moving Average Method
Double Average method is a method of smoothing. Basic methods of smoothing is a smoothing of past observations in a time series (time series) for prediction in the future. According to the method of smoothing historical values, the random errors are averaged to produce a forecast, Makridakis (1983). The data required to make predictions using the method required at least 50 Moving Average time series data in order to produce a good model. Moving Average method consists of two types: Single and Double Moving Average Moving Average. The difference is the Double Moving Average is a moving average of the moving average generated from Single Moving Average.

c. Double Exponential Smoothing Methods
There are 2 types of Double Exponential Smoothing method, that method 1 Parameters of Brown and method 2 Parameters of Holt. The equation used in the method of Brown's Double Exponential Smoothing is, as in Makridakis (1983):

S't = αXt + (1-α) S't - 1 (2.2)
S "t = α S't + (1-α) S" t - 1 (2.3)

Prediction calculation using the following formula:
F t + m = (2 S t - S "t) + (α / 1-α) (S't - S" t) m (2.4)

In this formula there are factors approach α, where α is a factor approach that gives weight to decrease during the observation of the past. Value factor α approaches that will be used in the Double Exponential Smoothing method is worth testing the value of α that minimizes the Mean Squared Error (MSE) on the test data.

If α has a value close to +1, the new predictions will include adjustments to large errors in the prediction of the previous, otherwise if the value of α close to 0, then the predictions that cover only a very small adjustment. Where the use of a time series (time series) containing random errors, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) is a useful statistic and can be used as a prediction for the future.

d. Projected Trends and Extrapolation Methods
Extrapolation is based on an examination of the historical pattern of activities and assume that the factors that determine variations in traffic in the past will continue to show a similar relationship in the future. Statistical techniques used to determine the reliability of the forecasts were made. There are three types of extrapolation methods, namely Extrapolation Linear, Exponential Extrapolation, and Curve Extrapolation according Horonjeff Logistics and Mc.Kelvey (1994). Linear extrapolation technique is used to query patterns that have a linear relationship with the historical time variable (simple regression) with the following equation:

Y = β0 + β1 X (2.5)

The relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable X Y can be expressed by the correlation coefficient between X and Y. Correlation coefficient is -1 ≤ r ≤ 1. To see coverage of a regression method to the data, the coefficient of determination needs to be calculated.